Participants 680 patients completed the survey. Setting COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in healthcare use, health status and psychological distress were investigated among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and congestive heart failure (CHF), using an online nationwide survey.

We aimed to investigate whether patients with chronic pulmonary and cardiac diseases had experienced high levels of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. Such changes could have affected health status and mental health in vulnerable patient groups. Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive shift in the focus of healthcare. Want to learn more? Read the full breakdown of the difference between effect and affect. Here’s an example of effect and affect used correctly in the same sentence.Įxample: It’s unclear what immediate effects the new law will have or how it will affect future generations.

You can also remember how effect and affect are most commonly used by using the acronym RAVEN: You can remember that affect is most commonly used as a verb because it begins with a, for action. However, these senses of the words are much less commonly used. Complicating things further is the fact that effect can also be used as a verb (meaning to make happen, as in We can only effect change by taking action) and affect can also be used as a noun (referring to a state of emotion, as in He had a sad affect).

Remembering the difference between the words can be especially hard because these senses of the words have just about the same pronunciation. Affect is most commonly used as a verb meaning to act on or produce a change in someone or something. Effect is most commonly used as a noun meaning a result or consequence.

Effect on